In what conditions must a pilot utilize the "see and avoid" principle?

The "see and avoid" principle is essential for pilots operating under visual flight rules (VFR) conditions, particularly in both controlled and uncontrolled airspace. This principle emphasizes the pilot's responsibility to maintain visual awareness of other aircraft, as well as to avoid collisions by seeing and maneuvering around them.

When flying VFR, the pilot relies on their own visual perception to navigate and detect other traffic, and this is especially crucial in uncontrolled airspace where there may not be air traffic control services to provide separation between aircraft. In controlled airspace, while there may be additional traffic management provided by air traffic controllers, pilots are still expected to utilize the "see and avoid" principle as a supplemental measure to maintain safety.

While there are scenarios where seeing and avoiding other aircraft might still be relevant, such as under IFR conditions or at night, these situations typically prioritize different principles, such as instrument navigation and adherence to flight rules that govern visibility and separation. The "see and avoid" principle is especially prominent in VFR conditions as it directly correlates with visual navigation and awareness mandated by VFR flight operations.