How does icing typically affect the performance of an aircraft?

Icing typically decreases lift and increases drag on an aircraft due to the accumulation of ice on critical surfaces such as the wings and tail. When ice forms on these surfaces, it disrupts the smooth airflow over the wings, leading to a reduction in the effective lift generated. This disruption changes the aerodynamic shape of the wings, resulting in a stall occurring at higher airspeeds than in clean, unblemished conditions.

Additionally, the presence of ice adds weight to the aircraft and contributes to increased drag. The additional weight can affect the overall performance metrics, such as climb rate, maximum altitude, and fuel efficiency, requiring more power to maintain performance levels. Thus, pilots must be acutely aware of the risks associated with icing conditions as it can significantly compromise aircraft safety and operational capabilities.